Soil moisture dynamics in sowings of grain-fallow-cutting crop rotations in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine
Abstract
Moisture content is one of the most important conditions of plants life. The productivity of field crops is directly proportional to their moisture content. With enough soil moisture, favorable conditions are created for the growth and development of field crops, and eventually their yield increases. There is situation, that not formed a permeable, least saturated soil moisture class, in the conditions of the Northern Steppe of Ukraine, regardless of the methods and systems of soil cultivation. That is, it was not typical for the annual wetting of one and a half meter of soil, which was characterized by a lack of normative amount of precipitation during December–February, the absence of snow cover with increased wind activity. Precipitation water humidifies the soil only by 90–110 cm to the level of HM (the highest moisture content), resulting in a dry layer between the accumulated moisture during the cold period and the moisture in the deep layers of soil at the level of PM (persistent moisture). During spring-summer vegetation of plants, the root system, reaching the dry layer (PM), in most cases cannot reach deeper layers; with the plants begin to suffer from drought, especially in the absence of rainfall during the growing season, reducing the yield. Total soil moisture costs varied within a narrow range (306.2–310.4 mm) and remained almost unchanged depending on the tillage systems. Economical water consumption by field crops is characteristic of a shallow mulching system of soil cultivation, as evidenced by the decrease of the index of water consumption by 13.4 mm/t compared to the board system. The advantage of the board system of cultivation of soil in the additional accumulation of moisture during the autumn-winter period is noted in the years with frosty snowy winters, slow and prolonged snowmelt, shallow mulch flat-cut loosening – in case of shortage of the normative amount of rainfall during December – February, lack of snow cover and increased wind activity. The use of preserving (chisel) cultivation under a differentiated system increases the moisture accumulation by 91.0–179.0 m³/ha in the autumn-winter period due to plant residues that delay more snow, especially in the warm snow-less winters. The use of a shallow mulching system of soil cultivation, despite the decrease in grain yield, contributes to a more economical consumption of moisture per unit of crop by 1.1‒1.2 times during the growing of field crops.References
Alamry, A. S., van der Meijder, M., Noomen, M., Addink, E. A., van Benthem, R., & de Jong, S. M. (2017). Spatial and temporal monitoring of soil moisture using surface electrical resistivity tomography in Mediterranean soils. Catena, 157, 388‒396. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2017.06.001
Bagley, E. J., Desai, A. R., Dirmeyer, P. A., & Foley, J. A. (2012). Effects of land cover change on moisture availability and potential crop yield in the world's breadbaskets. Environmental Research Letters. 7, 014019. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014009
Brye, K. R., Norman, J. M., Bundy, L. G., & Gower, S. T. (2000). Water-budget evaluation of prairie and maize ecosystems. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 715–724. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2000.642715x
Bulygin, S. Y., Balyuk, S. A., & Mikhnovska, A. D. (1999). Me-thods of analysis of soils and plants. O. N. Sokolovsky Institute of Pedology and Agrochemistry, Kharkiv (in Ukrainian).
Chudanov, Y. A., & Vasyl'ev, V. P. (1990). Osnovy minimalizacii obrabotki chernozjomnyh pochv Srednego [The basics of minimizing the processing of chernozem soils of the Middle Zavolzh'ja]. In: I. P. Makarov (Ed.), Resursosberegajushhie sistemy obrabotki pochvy [Resource-Saving Soil Processing Systems]. Ahropromizdat, Moscow (in Russian).
Cubera, E, & Moreno, G. (2007). Effect of single Quercus ilex trees upon spatial and seasonal changes in soil water content in dehesas of central western Spain. Annals of Forest Science, 64(3), 355‒364. doi: 10.1051/forest:2007012
Dospehov, B. A. (1985). Metodyka polevogo oputa [Methods of Field experience]. Agropromizdat, Moscow (in Russian).
Gutierrez-Lopez, J., Asbjornsen, H., Helmers, M., Isenhart, T. (2014). Regulation of soil moisture dynamics in agricultural fields using strips of native prairie vegetation. Geoderma, 226‒227, 238‒249. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.02.013
Hodulyan, Y. S. (1974) Ozyma pshenitsa v sevooborotakh [Winter wheat in crop rotation]. Promin', Dnipropetrovs'k (in Russian).
Horbatenko, A. I., Horobets', A. H. Tsyliuryk, O. I., & Kompaniyets', V. O. (2008). Efektyvnist' rann'oho paru v Stepu Ukrayiny [Effectiveness of an early couple in Steppe of Ukraine]. Bulletin of Agricultural Science, 9, 10‒13 (in Ukrainian).
Horbatenko, A. I., Horobetsʹ, A. H., & Tsyliuryk, O. I. (2010). Vplyv sposobiv osnovnogo obrobitku chystogo paru na agrofizychnyj stan g'runtu i urozhajnist' ozymoi' pshenyci [The influence of methods of basic cultivation of pure steam on the agrophysical condition of the soil and the yield of winter wheat]. Bulletin of the Grain Institute, 38, 40‒45.
Hordiyenko, V. P. (2008) Gruntova voloha [Soil moisture]. Predpryyatye Fenyks, Simferopol' (in Ukrainian).
Horobetsʹ, A. H., Tsylyuryk, O. I., Horbatenko, A. I., & Sudak, V. M. (2011). Vologozabezpechenist' ta urozhajnist' pol'ovyh kul'tur za riznyh system obrobitku gruntu v sivozmini [Moisture availability and yield of field crops under different tillage systems in crop rotation]. Bulletin of the Institute of Agriculture of the Stain Zone of NAAN of Ukraine, 1, 20–25 (in Ukrainian).
Izmail'skij, A. A. (1949). Izbrannye sochinenija [Selected Works]. Sel'hozgiz, Moscow (in Russian).
Kuznetsov, M. S., & Hlazunov, H. P. (1986). Metody izuchenija jerozionnyh processov [Methods of studying erosion processes]. MHU, Moscow (in Russian).
Liang, H., Hu, K., Batchelor, W. D., Qi, Z., & Li, B. (2016). An integrated soil–crop system model for water and nitrogen management in North China. Scientific Reports, 6, 1–20. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep25755
Medvedev, V. V., Laktyonova, T. N., & Dontsova, L. V. (2011). Vodnye svojstva pochv Ukrainy i vlagoobespechennost' sel'skohozjajstvennyh kul'tur [Water properties of Ukrainian soils and moisture supply of crops]. Apostrof, Kharkiv (in Russian).
Morgun, F. T., Shykula, N. K., & Tararyko, A. G. (1988). Pochvozashhytnoe zemledelye [Conservation agriculture]. Urozhaj, Kyiv (in Rusian).
Ochsner, T. E., Cosh, M. H., Cuenca, R. H., Dorigo, W. A., Draper, C. S., Hagimoto, Y., Kerr, Y. H., Njoku, E. G., Small, E. E., & Zreda, M. (2013). State of the art in large-scale soil moisture monitoring. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77(6), 1888. doi: 10.2136/sssaj2013.03.0093
Ontaev, A. K., Halʹdvarh, B. A., & Dzhavrunov, V. K. (1993). Pochvozashhitnaja sistema obrabotki pochvy v Kalmykii [Soil protection system in Kalmykia]. Zemledelye, 8, 16.
Pikush, H. R., Hetmanetsʹ, A. Y., Lebidʹ, Y. M., Pabat, I. A. (1992). Chornyy par [Black steam]. Urozhay, Kyiv (in Ukrainian).
Qi, Z. M., & Helmers, M. J. (2010a). Soil water dynamics under winter rye cover crop in central Iowa. Vadose Zone Journal, 9(1), 53–60. doi: 10.2136/vzj2008.0163
Qi, Z. M., Helmers, M. J., & Kaleita, A. L. (2011). Soil water dynamics under various agricultural land covers on a subsurface drained field in north-central Iowa, USA. Agricultural Water Management. 98(4), 665–674. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.11.004
Qi, Z., & Helmers, M. J. (2010b). The conversion of permittivity asmeasured by a PR2 capacitance probe into soil moisture values for Des Moines lobe soils in Iowa. Soil Use and Management, 26(1), 82–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00256.x
Rode, A. A. (2009). Yzbrannye trudy [Selected Works]. Pochvennyy institute, Moscow (in Russian).
Rybka, V. S., Cherenkov, A. V., Shevchenko. M. S., Kulyk, A. O., & Kompanijec', V. O. (2012). Poelementni normatyvy zatrat na vykonannja tehnologichnyh operacij pry vyroshhuvanni ta zbyranni zernovyh kul'tur v zoni Stepu Ukrai'ny i metodychni rekomendacii' po i'h rozrobci ta zastosuvannju [Elemental norms of costs for the implementation of technological operations in the cultivation and harvesting of grain crops in the Steppe of Ukraine and methodical recommendations for their development and application]. Institute of agriculture of the steppe zone of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk (in Ukrainian).
Sultana, S. N., Mani Hazarika, U., Misra, U. K. (2017). Improvement of water use efficiency and remote sensing applications for surface soil moisture monitoring. ADBU Journal of Engineering Technology (AJET). 6(2), 2348–7305, 00602611 (6PP).
Tomme, M. F. (1964). Korma SSSR, sostav i pitatel'nost' [Feed of USSR, composition and nutritional value]. Colos, Moscow (in Russian).
Tsyliuryk, A. I., & Kozechko, V. I. (2017). Effect of mulching tillage and fertilization on maize growth and development in Ukrainian Steppe. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(3), 50–55. doi: 10.15421/2017_153
Tsyliuryk, A. I., Tkalich, Y. I., Masliiov, S. V., & Kozechko, V. I. (2017a). Impact of mulch tillage and fertilization on growth and development of winter wheat plants in clean fallow in Northern Steppe of Ukraine. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(4), 511–516. doi: http://doi.org/10.15421/2017_153
Tsyliuryk, O. I., & Shapka, V. P. (2014). Efektyvnist' bezpolycevogo obrobitku g'runtu za vyroshhuvannja jachmenju jarogo v Pivnichnomu Stepu [Effectiveness of moldboardless tillage at spring barley cultivation in the Northern Steppe]. News of the Poltava State Agrarian Academy, 1, 25‒29 (in Ukrainian).
Tsyliuryk, O. I., Horobetsʹ, A. H., & Shapka, V. P. (2013). Chyzel'nyj obrobitok g'runtu pid jachmin' jaryj v pivnichnomu Stepu [Chisel tillage under barley spring in the northern steppe]. Bulletin of the Steppe Zone Agriculture Institute, 4, 14‒17.
Tsyliuryk, O. I., Shevchenko, S. M., Shevchenko, O. M., Shvec, N. V., Nikulin, V. O., & Ostapchuk, Y. V. (2017b). Dynamika chysel'nosti bur’janiv i i'h vydovogo skladu v agrocenozah kukurudzy zalezhno vid obrobitku gruntu ta udobrennja v pivnichnomu stepu Ukrai'ny [Effect of the soil cultivation and fertilization on the abundance and species diversity of weeds in corn farmed ecosystems]. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(3), 154–159 (in Ukrainian). doi: 10.15421/2017_64
Tymyryazev, K. A. (1948). Yzbrannye sochynenyya [Selected Works]. Selʹkhozhiz, Moscow (in Russian).
Vadyunina, A. F., & Korchagina, Z. A. (1986). Metodyi issledovaniya fizicheskih svoyst pochvyi [Methods for studying physical properties of soil]. Agropromizdat, Moscow (in Russian).
Zhang, Y. K., & Schilling, K. E. (2006). Effects of land cover on water table, soilmoisture, evapotranspiration, and groundwater recharge: a field observation and analysis. Journal of Hydrology,319(1‒4), 328–338. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.06.044
Ziadat, F. M., Taimeh, A. Y., & Hattar, B. I. (2010). Variation of soil physical properties and moisture content along toposequences in the arid to semiarid area. Arid Land Research and Management, 24(2), 81–97. doi: 10.1080/15324981003635396
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
